针对传统超声波风速风向仪工作在雨雪天气、强风天气、易积灰尘环境以及长期使用等情况造成的超声波换能器发射的声波强度降低和接收信号的灵敏度降低，从而引起的风速风向测量精度低和稳定性低等问题，设计了一种基于信号增益自适应调节的超声波风速风向仪。电气硬件部分主要设计了超声波信号发射的驱动电路和接收电路、可编程信号增益放大调节电路、滤波电路、AD采集电路以及MCU控制电路等。软件部分主要采用时差法、环鸣法、互相关法和基于二分搜索法的信号增益自适应调节控制算法完成风速风向的计算。实验结果表明，设计的超声波风速风向仪在恶劣环境下测量的风速风向数据具有较高的准确度和稳定性，风速在0-15m/s范围，误差在±0.5m/s，风速在15-40m/s，误差不超过±3%，风向绝对误差小于3°。

In response to the issues such as the reduction in the acoustic wave intensity emitted by the ultrasonic transducer and the decrease in the sensitivity of the received signal of traditional ultrasonic anemometers under conditions like rain and snow, strong wind, dusty environments, and long-term usage, which subsequently lead to low measurement accuracy and low stability of wind speed and direction, an ultrasonic anemometers based on adaptive adjustment of signal gain has been designed. The electrical hardware section mainly consists of the driving circuit and receiving circuit for ultrasonic signal transmission, the programmable signal gain amplification and adjustment circuit, the filtering circuit, the AD acquisition circuit, and the MCU control circuit, etc. The software part mainly employs the time difference method, the ring tone method, the cross-correlation method, and the adaptive adjustment control algorithm of signal gain based on the binary search method to calculate the wind speed and direction. Experimental results indicate that the designed ultrasonic anemometer yields highly accurate and stable data for wind speed and direction measurements in harsh environments，Within the range of 0-15m/s, the error is ±0.5m/s; for wind speeds between 15-40m/s, the error does not exceed ±3%.The absolute error of wind direction is less than 3°.